Tagalog: Difference between revisions

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=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===


{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;"
b k d g h l m n ng p r s t w y
|+ caption | '''Table of consonant phonemes of Tagalog'''
 
|-
=== Vowels ===
! colspan="2" |
 
! [[Labial consonant|Bilabial]]
a e i o u
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
 
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]/<br>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
=== Notable Features ===
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
* (Unique sounds, tone, stress, vowel harmony, etc.) 
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
 
|-
== Grammar ==
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
 
| {{IPA link|m}}
==== 🗺️ Word Order ====
| {{IPA link|n}}
'''Default word order:''' Verb–Subject–Object (VSO)
|
 
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
Example: Kumain ang bata ng mangga.
|
→ "The child ate a mango." (lit. Ate the child mango)
|-
 
! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
But Tagalog is flexible; it can also be SVO or VOS depending on focus/marker usage.
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
 
| {{IPA link|p}}
Word order is determined more by focus markers (ang, ng, sa) than by position.
| {{IPA link|t}}
 
| ({{IPA link|t͡ʃ}})
==== 🗺️ Pronouns ====
| {{IPA link|k}}
Tagalog pronouns mark case (nominative, genitive, oblique) and number (singular/plural), sometimes inclusivity.
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d}}
| ({{IPA link|d͡ʒ}})
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
| ({{IPA link|ʃ}})
|
| {{IPA link|h}}


|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align: center;"
! Person !! Nominative (subject) !! Genitive (possessor) !! Oblique (object, location)
| Phoneme
| Spelling
| Distribution and quality of allophones
|-
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |'''Stops'''
| 1st sg || ako (I) || ko (my) || sa akin (to me)
|-
|-
| {{IPAslink|p}}
| 2nd sg || ikaw/ka (you) || mo (your) || sa iyo (to you)
| {{angbr|p}} '''''p'''ulá'' ('red')
|Unreleased or nasally released phrase-finally.<ref name="SchachterOtanes" />{{rp|19}}
|-
|-
| {{IPAslink|b}}
| 3rd sg || siya (he/she) || niya (his/her) || sa kanya (to him/her)
| {{angbr|b}} '''''b'''ugháw'' ('blue')
|Unreleased or nasally released phrase-finally.<ref name="SchachterOtanes" />{{rp|20}}
|-
|-
| {{IPAslink|t}}
| 1st pl excl. || kami (we excl.) || namin || sa amin
| {{angbr|t}} '''''t'''ao'' ('human')
| When followed by {{IPA|/j/}}, may be pronounced {{IPA|[tʃ]}}, particularly by speakers in urban areas. Unreleased or nasally released phrase-finally.<ref name="SchachterOtanes" />{{rp|19}}
|-
|-
| {{IPAslink|d}}
| 1st pl incl. || tayo (we incl.) || natin || sa atin
| {{angbr|d}} '''''d'''iláw'' ('yellow')
| When followed by {{IPA|/j/}}, may be pronounced {{IPA|[dʒ]}}, particularly by speakers in urban areas. Unreleased or nasally released phrase-finally.<ref name="SchachterOtanes" />{{rp|20}}
|-
|-
| {{IPAslink|k}}
| 2nd pl || kayo (you all) || ninyo || sa inyo
| {{angbr|k}} '''''k'''amáy'' ('hand')
| Post-velar {{IPA|[k̠]}} or otherwise relatively far back in the vocal tract for at least some speakers, even when adjacent to front vowels.<ref name="SchachterOtanes" />{{rp|19}} Unreleased or nasally released phrase-finally.<ref name="SchachterOtanes" />{{rp|19}} Intervocalic {{IPA|/k/}} tends to become {{IPA|[x]}}, as in ''bakit'' ('why') or ''takot'' ('fear').<ref name="SchachterOtanes" />{{rp|19}}
|-
|-
| {{IPAslink|ɡ}}
| 3rd pl || sila (they) || nila || sa kanila
| {{angbr|g}} '''''g'''ulay'' ('vegetable')
|}
| Post-velar {{IPA|[g̠]}} or otherwise relatively far back in the vocal tract for at least some speakers, even when adjacent to front vowels.<ref name="SchachterOtanes" />{{rp|19}} Unreleased or nasally released phrase-finally.<ref name="SchachterOtanes" />{{rp|20}}
 
|-
Inclusive vs. exclusive "we":
| {{IPAslink|ʔ}}
 
| {{angbr|-}} ''mag'''-'''uwî'' ('to return home'). <br>Normally unwritten at the end of a word (''galà'', 'roaming') or between vowels (''Taal'', a town in Batangas)
tayo = we (including the listener)
| A glottal stop occurring at the end of a word is often [[elision|elided]] when it is in the middle of a sentence, especially by speakers of the [[Metro Manila|Manila]] Dialect. The preceding vowel then undergoes [[compensatory lengthening]]: {{IPA|/hinˈdiʔ + ba/}} > {{IPA|/hinˈdiː + ba/}} "isn't it?".<ref name="SchachterOtanes">{{cite book |last1=Schachter |first1=Paul |last2=Otanes |first2=Fe T. |year=1972 |title=Tagalog Reference Grammar |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-04943-8 |lccn=73-122946}}</ref>{{rp|16}} It is preserved in some dialects of Tagalog.<br />In the ''Palatuldikan'' (diacritical system), it is denoted by the ''pakupyâ''  or [[circumflex accent]] when the final syllable is stressed (e.g. ''dugô'' 'blood'), and by the ''paiwà'' ([[grave accent]]) if unstressed (''susì'' 'key').
 
|-
kami = we (excluding the listener)
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |'''[[Fricatives]]'''
 
|-
 
| {{IPAslink|s}}
==== 🗺️ Verb System ====
| {{angbr|s}} '''''s'''angá'' ('branch')
Tagalog verbs are marked for aspect (not tense), focus/voice, and mood.
| When followed by {{IPA|/j/}}, it is often pronounced {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, particularly by speakers in urban areas.
 
|-
Aspects (completed, incompleted, contemplated)
| {{IPAslink|ʃ}}
 
| {{angbr|siy}} '''''siy'''am'' ('nine')
kumain → ate (completed)
{{angbr|sy}} '''''sy'''a'' (a form of ''siya'', second person pronoun)
 
kumakain → eating (incompleted/ongoing)
 
kakain → will eat (contemplated/future)
 
Focus system (voices)
 
Focus indicates the role of the subject:
 
Actor-focus: kumain ang bata ng mangga ("The child ate mango")
 
Object-focus: kinain ng bata ang mangga ("The mango was eaten by the child")
 
 
 
==== 🗺️ Noun Structure ====
Plurals: marked with mga before the noun.
 
bata → mga bata (children)
 
Possessives: formed with genitive pronouns or markers.
 
libro ko (my book)
 
bahay ng guro (the teacher’s house)
 
Cases (marked by particles):
 
Nominative (focus/subject): ang/si/sina
 
Genitive (non-focus agent/possessor): ng/ni/nina
 
Oblique (location, direction, beneficiary): sa/kay/kina
 
 
 
==== 🗺️ Other Features ====
Reduplication: used for aspect, intensity, plurality.
 
bili (buy) → bumibili (buying) → bibili (will buy)
 
araw (day) → araw-araw (every day)
 
Linkers: -ng / na connect modifiers.
 
magandang bahay (beautiful house)
 
Particles: express emphasis, mood, politeness.


⟨sh⟩ '''''sh'''''abú ('methamphetamine')
ba (question marker): Kumain ka ba? (Did you eat?)
| May be pronounced {{IPA|[sj]}}, especially by speakers in rural areas.
|-
| {{IPAslink|h}}
| {{angbr|h}} '''''h'''awak'' ('being held')
| Sometimes elided in rapid speech.
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |'''[[Affricate]]s'''
|-
| {{IPAslink|tʃ}}
| {{angbr|tiy}} '''''tiy'''an'' ('stomach')
{{angbr|ty}} ''pangungu'''ty'''â'' ('ridicule')  


{{angbr|ts}} '''''ts'''okolate'' ('chocolate');
po/ho (politeness markers).
| May be pronounced {{IPA|[ts]}} (or {{IPA|[tj]}} if spelled {{angbr|ty}} or {{angbr|tiy}}), especially by speakers in rural areas.<ref name="SchachterOtanes" />{{rp|24}}
|-
| {{IPAslink|dʒ}}
| {{angbr|diy}} '''''Diyos''''' ('god')
{{angbr|dy}} '''''dy'''aryo'' ('newspaper')
⟨j⟩ '''''j'''''aket ('jacket')
|May be pronounced [dj], especially by speakers in rural areas.
|-
| {{IPAslink|ts}}
| {{angbr|zz}} ''pi'''zz'''a''; {{angbr|ts}} ''ta'''ts'''ulok'' ('triangle')
| May be pronounced {{IPA|[tʃ]}}, especially by rural speakers and in some urban areas.
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |'''[[Nasal stop|Nasals]]'''
|-
| {{IPAslink|m}}
| {{angbr|m}} '''''m'''atá'' ('eye')
|
|-
| {{IPAslink|n}}
| {{angbr|n}} '''''n'''ais'' ('desire')
| In names borrowed from Spanish, it may [[Assimilation (linguistics)|assimilate]] to {{IPA|[m]}} before labial consonants (e.g. {{IPA|/m/}} in ''[[San Miguel, Bulacan|San Miguel]]'', {{IPA|/p/}} in ''[[San Pedro, Laguna|San Pedro]]'', and  {{IPA|/f/}} in ''[[Infanta, Quezon|Infanta]]'') and to {{IPA|[ŋ]}} before velar ones (e.g. {{IPA|/g/}} and {{IPA|/k/}}) and, rarely, glottal {{IPA|/h/}}.
|-
| {{IPAslink|ŋ}}
| {{angbr|ng}} '''''ng'''itî'' ('smile')
| [[Assimilation (linguistics)|Assimilates]] to {{IPA|[m]}} before {{IPA|/b/}} and {{IPA|/p/}} (''pampasiglâ'', 'invigorator') and to {{IPA|[n]}} before {{IPA|/d t s l/}} (''pandiwà'', 'verb'); some people pronounce {{IPA|/ŋɡ/}} as a [[Gemination|geminate consonant]] {{IPA|[ŋŋ]}}, as in ''[[Angono, Rizal|A'''ng'''ono]]''.
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |'''[[Lateral consonant|Laterals]]'''
|-
| {{IPAslink|l}}
| {{angbr|l}} '''''l'''arawan'' ('picture')
| Depending on the dialect, it may be dental/denti-alveolar or alveolar (light L) within or at the end of a word. It may also be velarized (dark L) if influenced by English phonology.
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |'''[[Rhotics]]'''
|-
| {{IPAslink|ɾ}}
| {{angbr|r}} ''sa'''r'''áp'' ('deliciousness'); ''ku'''r'''yente'' ('electricity')
| Traditionally an allophone of {{IPA|/d/}}, the {{IPA|/r/}} phoneme may be now pronounced in free variation between the standard [[Dental, alveolar and postalveolar flaps|alveolar flapped]] {{IPA|[ɾ]}}, a [[Dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|rolled]] {{IPA|[r]}}, an [[Alveolar and postalveolar approximants|approximant]] {{IPA|[ɹ]}} and {{citation needed span|text=more recently, the [[retroflex flap]] {{IPA|[ɽ]}}.|date=January 2023|reason=Most sources describe the Tagalog /r/ as only varying between an alveolar tap, trill, and approximant. Proof of a retroflex allophone remains wanting.}}
|}


=== Vowels ===
No gendered pronouns: siya means both “he” and “she”.
(Provide vowel inventory.)


a e i o u
Evidence/context markers aren’t grammaticalized like in some Austronesian languages, but particles (yata, daw/raw) show hearsay, uncertainty, or inference.


=== Notable Features ===
Umuulan daw. (They say it’s raining.)
* (Unique sounds, tone, stress, vowel harmony, etc.)


== Grammar ==
Umuulan yata. (It seems it’s raining.)
* '''Word order:''' (e.g., Subject–Verb–Object, Verb–Subject–Object) 
* '''Pronouns:''' (list with examples) 
* '''Verb system:''' (tense, aspect, mood, affixes) 
* '''Noun structure:''' (plurals, possessives, cases) 
* '''Other features:''' (e.g., reduplication, evidentials)


== Vocabulary ==
== Vocabulary ==

Latest revision as of 08:25, 26 September 2025

🗺️ Tagalog

Overview

  • Language family: Austronesian
  • Region: Central and Southern Luzon (e.g., Manila, Batangas, Laguna)
  • Number of speakers: 95% (it is the national language of the Philippines
  • Status: widely spoken
  • Alternate names/spellings: Pilipino, Filipino

Phonology

Consonants

b k d g h l m n ng p r s t w y

Vowels

a e i o u

Notable Features

  • (Unique sounds, tone, stress, vowel harmony, etc.)

Grammar

🗺️ Word Order

Default word order: Verb–Subject–Object (VSO)

Example: Kumain ang bata ng mangga. → "The child ate a mango." (lit. Ate the child mango)

But Tagalog is flexible; it can also be SVO or VOS depending on focus/marker usage.

Word order is determined more by focus markers (ang, ng, sa) than by position.

🗺️ Pronouns

Tagalog pronouns mark case (nominative, genitive, oblique) and number (singular/plural), sometimes inclusivity.

Person Nominative (subject) Genitive (possessor) Oblique (object, location)
1st sg ako (I) ko (my) sa akin (to me)
2nd sg ikaw/ka (you) mo (your) sa iyo (to you)
3rd sg siya (he/she) niya (his/her) sa kanya (to him/her)
1st pl excl. kami (we excl.) namin sa amin
1st pl incl. tayo (we incl.) natin sa atin
2nd pl kayo (you all) ninyo sa inyo
3rd pl sila (they) nila sa kanila

Inclusive vs. exclusive "we":

tayo = we (including the listener)

kami = we (excluding the listener)


🗺️ Verb System

Tagalog verbs are marked for aspect (not tense), focus/voice, and mood.

Aspects (completed, incompleted, contemplated)

kumain → ate (completed)

kumakain → eating (incompleted/ongoing)

kakain → will eat (contemplated/future)

Focus system (voices)

Focus indicates the role of the subject:

Actor-focus: kumain ang bata ng mangga ("The child ate mango")

Object-focus: kinain ng bata ang mangga ("The mango was eaten by the child")


🗺️ Noun Structure

Plurals: marked with mga before the noun.

bata → mga bata (children)

Possessives: formed with genitive pronouns or markers.

libro ko (my book)

bahay ng guro (the teacher’s house)

Cases (marked by particles):

Nominative (focus/subject): ang/si/sina

Genitive (non-focus agent/possessor): ng/ni/nina

Oblique (location, direction, beneficiary): sa/kay/kina


🗺️ Other Features

Reduplication: used for aspect, intensity, plurality.

bili (buy) → bumibili (buying) → bibili (will buy)

araw (day) → araw-araw (every day)

Linkers: -ng / na connect modifiers.

magandang bahay (beautiful house)

Particles: express emphasis, mood, politeness.

ba (question marker): Kumain ka ba? (Did you eat?)

po/ho (politeness markers).

No gendered pronouns: siya means both “he” and “she”.

Evidence/context markers aren’t grammaticalized like in some Austronesian languages, but particles (yata, daw/raw) show hearsay, uncertainty, or inference.

Umuulan daw. (They say it’s raining.)

Umuulan yata. (It seems it’s raining.)

Vocabulary

Core Words

English Tagalog
Water Tubig
Sun Araw
Mother Ina
House Bahay

Numbers

1 = Isa 2 = Dalawa 3 = Tatlo 4 = Apat 5 = Lima

Sample Text

Example Sentence

  • Tagalog: (Insert example sentence here)
  • Translation: (Provide English or national language translation)

Longer Text

(Insert folk tale, poem, or dialogue if available.)

Related Dialects

References

This article about a dialect of the Philippines is a stub. You can help expand it by contributing.

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