Latest revision as of 08:37, 26 September 2025

🗺️ Cebuano

Overview

Language family: Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian
Region: Visayas and Mindanao; dialects include Boholano, Leyte Cebuano but now adays it is spreading in Manial area and across the country
Number of speakers: (approximately 80%)
Status: widely spoken
Alternate names/spellings: Bisaya

Phonology

Consonants

b k d g h l m n ng p r s t w y

Vowels

a e i o u

Notable Features

(Unique sounds, tone, stress, vowel harmony, etc.)

Grammar

🗺️ Word order

Default word order: Verb–Subject–Object (VSO) (like Tagalog).

Example: Mikaon ang bata ug mangga. → “The child ate a mango.” (lit. Ate the child mango)

Word order is flexible, but particles and case markers (ang, ug, sa) determine the roles of words more than position.

🗺️ Pronouns

Cebuano pronouns are case-marked and distinguish inclusive vs. exclusive “we”.

Person	Nominative (subject)	Genitive (possessor/agent)	Oblique (object, direction)
1st sg	ako / ko	ako / ko	kanako / nako
2nd sg	ikaw / ka	imo / nimo	kanimo / nimo
3rd sg	siya	iya / niya	kaniya / niya
1st pl excl.	kami	amo / namo	kanamo / namo
1st pl incl.	kita	ato / nato	kanato / nato
2nd pl	kamo	inyo / ninyo	kaninyo / ninyo
3rd pl	sila	ila / nila	kanila / nila

Differences from Tagalog:

Cebuano often uses ako/ko, ikaw/ka interchangeably depending on position.

kita (inclusive “we”), kami (exclusive “we”), same as Tagalog tayo/kami.

🗺️ Verb system

Like Tagalog, Cebuano verbs use aspect (not strict tense) and voice/focus, marked by affixes.

Aspects (completed, incompleted, contemplated)

kaon (root = eat)

mikaon/ni-kaon → ate (completed)

nangaon/nagakaon → eating (incompleted/ongoing)

mokaon/makaon → will eat (contemplated/future)

🗺️ Voices / Focus system

Actor-focus: Mikaon ang bata ug mangga. (The child ate mango)

Object-focus: Gikaon sa bata ang mangga. (The mango was eaten by the child)

Locative-focus: Kaonan sa bata ang kusina. (The kitchen will be eaten in by the child = The child will eat in the kitchen)

🗺️ Affixes

mo-/mi-/mag- (actor focus): mokaon (will eat), miinom (drank)

-on (object focus): kaonon (to be eaten)

i- (instrumental focus): ikaon (to use for eating)

ma-/maka- (ability, involuntary, state): makakaon (can eat), matulog (to sleep)

🗺️ Mood

Indicative, imperative, potential (pwede, makaya = can, able).

Negation: dili (not, for verbs/adjectives), wala (none/there is not).

Vocabulary

Core Words

English	Cebuano
Water	Tubig
Sun	Adlaw
Mother	Mama
House	Balay

Numbers

1 = uno
2 = dos
3 = tres
4 = kwatro
5 = cinco
6 = siyes
7 = syete
8 = otso
9 = nuybe
10 = dyes

Sample Text

Example Sentence

Cebuano: (Insert example sentence here)
Translation: (Provide English or national language translation)

Examples

English	Cebuano
Good morning/afternoon/evening.	Maayong buntag/hapon/gabii.
Good morning, too.	Maayong buntag sab/pud.
Where are you going?	Asa ka paingon?/Asa ka padulong?
Just there.	Naa ra diha.

Longer Text

(Insert folk tale, poem, or dialogue if available.)

Related Dialects

References

(Books, articles, dictionaries, or online resources)
(Add Template:Cite web or Template:Cite book templates if available on your wiki)

This article about a dialect of the Philippines is a stub. You can help expand it by contributing.

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 * '''Language family:''' Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian
 * '''Region:''' Visayas and Mindanao; dialects include Boholano, Leyte Cebuano but now adays it is spreading in Manial area and across the country
-* '''Number of speakers:''' (approximate)
+* '''Number of speakers:''' (approximately 80%)
-* '''Status:''' (e.g., widely spoken, endangered, shifting to another language)
+* '''Status:''' widely spoken
-* '''Alternate names/spellings:''' (if any)
+* '''Alternate names/spellings:''' Bisaya
 == Phonology ==
 === Consonants ===
-(Provide consonant inventory in table form if possible.)
+b k d g h l m n ng p r s t w y
 === Vowels ===
-(Provide vowel inventory.)
+a e i o u
 === Notable Features ===
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 == Grammar ==
-* '''Word order:''' (e.g., Subject–Verb–Object, Verb–Subject–Object)
-* '''Pronouns:''' (list with examples)
+==== 🗺️ Word order ====
-* '''Verb system:''' (tense, aspect, mood, affixes)
+Default word order: Verb–Subject–Object (VSO) (like Tagalog).
-* '''Noun structure:''' (plurals, possessives, cases)
-* '''Other features:''' (e.g., reduplication, evidentials)
+Example: Mikaon ang bata ug mangga.
+→ “The child ate a mango.” (lit. Ate the child mango)
+Word order is flexible, but particles and case markers (ang, ug, sa) determine the roles of words more than position.
+==== 🗺️ Pronouns ====
+Cebuano pronouns are case-marked and distinguish inclusive vs. exclusive “we”.
+{| class="wikitable"
+! Person !! Nominative (subject) !! Genitive (possessor/agent) !! Oblique (object, direction)
+|-
+| 1st sg || ako / ko || ako / ko || kanako / nako
+|-
+| 2nd sg || ikaw / ka || imo / nimo || kanimo / nimo
+|-
+| 3rd sg || siya || iya / niya || kaniya / niya
+|-
+| 1st pl excl. || kami || amo / namo || kanamo / namo
+|-
+| 1st pl incl. || kita || ato / nato || kanato / nato
+|-
+| 2nd pl || kamo || inyo / ninyo || kaninyo / ninyo
+|-
+| 3rd pl || sila || ila / nila || kanila / nila
+|}
+*Differences from Tagalog:
+Cebuano often uses ako/ko, ikaw/ka interchangeably depending on position.
+kita (inclusive “we”), kami (exclusive “we”), same as Tagalog tayo/kami.
+==== 🗺️ Verb system ====
+Like Tagalog, Cebuano verbs use aspect (not strict tense) and voice/focus, marked by affixes.
+Aspects (completed, incompleted, contemplated)
+kaon (root = eat)
+mikaon/ni-kaon → ate (completed)
+nangaon/nagakaon → eating (incompleted/ongoing)
+mokaon/makaon → will eat (contemplated/future)
+==== 🗺️ Voices / Focus system ====
+Actor-focus: Mikaon ang bata ug mangga. (The child ate mango)
+Object-focus: Gikaon sa bata ang mangga. (The mango was eaten by the child)
+Locative-focus: Kaonan sa bata ang kusina. (The kitchen will be eaten in by the child = The child will eat in the kitchen)
+==== 🗺️ Affixes ====
+mo-/mi-/mag- (actor focus): mokaon (will eat), miinom (drank)
+-on (object focus): kaonon (to be eaten)
+i- (instrumental focus): ikaon (to use for eating)
+ma-/maka- (ability, involuntary, state): makakaon (can eat), matulog (to sleep)
+==== 🗺️ Mood ====
+Indicative, imperative, potential (pwede, makaya = can, able).
+Negation: dili (not, for verbs/adjectives), wala (none/there is not).
 == Vocabulary ==
@@ Line 30: / Line 96: @@
 ! English !! {{PAGENAME}}
 |-
-| Water || ...
+| Water || Tubig
 |-
-| Sun || ...
+| Sun || Adlaw
 |-
-| Mother || ...
+| Mother || Mama
 |-
-| House || ...
+| House || Balay
 |}
 === Numbers ===
-= …
+*1 = uno
-= …
+*2 = dos
-= …
+*3 = tres
-= …
+*4 = kwatro
-= …
+*5 = cinco
+*6 = siyes
+*7 = syete
+*8 = otso
+*9 = nuybe
+*10 = dyes
 == Sample Text ==
 === Example Sentence ===
 * {{PAGENAME}}: ''(Insert example sentence here)''
 * Translation: ''(Provide English or national language translation)''
+=== Examples ===
+{| class="wikitable"
+! English !! {{PAGENAME}}
+|-
+| Good morning/afternoon/evening.  || Maayong buntag/hapon/gabii.
+|-
+| Good morning, too. || Maayong buntag sab/pud.
+|-
+| Where are you going?   || Asa ka paingon?/Asa ka padulong?
+|-
+| Just there.   || Naa ra diha.
+|}
 === Longer Text ===