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| == Phonology == | | == Phonology == |
| === Consonants === | | === Consonants === |
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| {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;"
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| |+ caption | '''Table of consonant phonemes of Tagalog'''
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| ! colspan="2" |
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| ! [[Labial consonant|Bilabial]]
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| ! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
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| ! [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]/<br>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
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| ! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
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| ! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
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| | {{IPA link|m}}
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| | {{IPA link|n}}
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| | {{IPA link|ŋ}}
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| ! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
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| ! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
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| | {{IPA link|p}}
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| | {{IPA link|t}}
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| | ({{IPA link|t͡ʃ}})
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| | {{IPA link|k}}
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| | {{IPA link|ʔ}}
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| |-
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| ! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
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| | {{IPA link|b}}
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| | {{IPA link|d}}
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| | ({{IPA link|d͡ʒ}})
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| | {{IPA link|ɡ}}
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| ! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
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| | {{IPA link|s}}
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| | ({{IPA link|ʃ}})
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| | {{IPA link|h}}
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| ! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
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| | {{IPA link|l}}
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| | {{IPA link|j}}
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| | {{IPA link|w}}
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| ! colspan="2" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
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| | {{IPA link|ɾ}}
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| |}
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |- style="text-align: center;"
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| | Phoneme
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| | Spelling
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| | Distribution and quality of allophones
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| ! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |'''Stops'''
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| | {{IPAslink|p}}
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| | {{angbr|p}} '''''p'''ulá'' ('red')
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| |Unreleased or nasally released phrase-finally.<ref name="SchachterOtanes" />{{rp|19}}
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| | {{IPAslink|b}}
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| | {{angbr|b}} '''''b'''ugháw'' ('blue')
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| |Unreleased or nasally released phrase-finally.<ref name="SchachterOtanes" />{{rp|20}}
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| | {{IPAslink|t}}
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| | {{angbr|t}} '''''t'''ao'' ('human')
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| | When followed by {{IPA|/j/}}, may be pronounced {{IPA|[tʃ]}}, particularly by speakers in urban areas. Unreleased or nasally released phrase-finally.<ref name="SchachterOtanes" />{{rp|19}}
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| | {{IPAslink|d}}
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| | {{angbr|d}} '''''d'''iláw'' ('yellow')
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| | When followed by {{IPA|/j/}}, may be pronounced {{IPA|[dʒ]}}, particularly by speakers in urban areas. Unreleased or nasally released phrase-finally.<ref name="SchachterOtanes" />{{rp|20}}
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| | {{IPAslink|k}}
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| | {{angbr|k}} '''''k'''amáy'' ('hand')
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| | Post-velar {{IPA|[k̠]}} or otherwise relatively far back in the vocal tract for at least some speakers, even when adjacent to front vowels.<ref name="SchachterOtanes" />{{rp|19}} Unreleased or nasally released phrase-finally.<ref name="SchachterOtanes" />{{rp|19}} Intervocalic {{IPA|/k/}} tends to become {{IPA|[x]}}, as in ''bakit'' ('why') or ''takot'' ('fear').<ref name="SchachterOtanes" />{{rp|19}}
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| | {{IPAslink|ɡ}}
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| | {{angbr|g}} '''''g'''ulay'' ('vegetable')
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| | Post-velar {{IPA|[g̠]}} or otherwise relatively far back in the vocal tract for at least some speakers, even when adjacent to front vowels.<ref name="SchachterOtanes" />{{rp|19}} Unreleased or nasally released phrase-finally.<ref name="SchachterOtanes" />{{rp|20}}
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| | {{IPAslink|ʔ}}
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| | {{angbr|-}} ''mag'''-'''uwî'' ('to return home'). <br>Normally unwritten at the end of a word (''galà'', 'roaming') or between vowels (''Taal'', a town in Batangas)
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| | A glottal stop occurring at the end of a word is often [[elision|elided]] when it is in the middle of a sentence, especially by speakers of the [[Metro Manila|Manila]] Dialect. The preceding vowel then undergoes [[compensatory lengthening]]: {{IPA|/hinˈdiʔ + ba/}} > {{IPA|/hinˈdiː + ba/}} "isn't it?".<ref name="SchachterOtanes">{{cite book |last1=Schachter |first1=Paul |last2=Otanes |first2=Fe T. |year=1972 |title=Tagalog Reference Grammar |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-04943-8 |lccn=73-122946}}</ref>{{rp|16}} It is preserved in some dialects of Tagalog.<br />In the ''Palatuldikan'' (diacritical system), it is denoted by the ''pakupyâ'' or [[circumflex accent]] when the final syllable is stressed (e.g. ''dugô'' 'blood'), and by the ''paiwà'' ([[grave accent]]) if unstressed (''susì'' 'key').
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| ! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |'''[[Fricatives]]'''
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| | {{IPAslink|s}}
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| | {{angbr|s}} '''''s'''angá'' ('branch')
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| | When followed by {{IPA|/j/}}, it is often pronounced {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, particularly by speakers in urban areas.
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| | {{IPAslink|ʃ}}
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| | {{angbr|siy}} '''''siy'''am'' ('nine')
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| {{angbr|sy}} '''''sy'''a'' (a form of ''siya'', second person pronoun)
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| ⟨sh⟩ '''''sh'''''abú ('methamphetamine')
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| | May be pronounced {{IPA|[sj]}}, especially by speakers in rural areas.
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| | {{IPAslink|h}}
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| | {{angbr|h}} '''''h'''awak'' ('being held')
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| | Sometimes elided in rapid speech.
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| ! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |'''[[Affricate]]s'''
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| | {{IPAslink|tʃ}}
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| | {{angbr|tiy}} '''''tiy'''an'' ('stomach')
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| {{angbr|ty}} ''pangungu'''ty'''â'' ('ridicule')
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| {{angbr|ts}} '''''ts'''okolate'' ('chocolate');
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| | May be pronounced {{IPA|[ts]}} (or {{IPA|[tj]}} if spelled {{angbr|ty}} or {{angbr|tiy}}), especially by speakers in rural areas.<ref name="SchachterOtanes" />{{rp|24}}
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| | {{IPAslink|dʒ}}
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| | {{angbr|diy}} '''''Diyos''''' ('god')
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| {{angbr|dy}} '''''dy'''aryo'' ('newspaper')
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| ⟨j⟩ '''''j'''''aket ('jacket')
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| |May be pronounced [dj], especially by speakers in rural areas.
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| | {{IPAslink|ts}}
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| | {{angbr|zz}} ''pi'''zz'''a''; {{angbr|ts}} ''ta'''ts'''ulok'' ('triangle')
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| | May be pronounced {{IPA|[tʃ]}}, especially by rural speakers and in some urban areas.
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| ! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |'''[[Nasal stop|Nasals]]'''
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| | {{IPAslink|m}}
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| | {{angbr|m}} '''''m'''atá'' ('eye')
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| | {{IPAslink|n}}
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| | {{angbr|n}} '''''n'''ais'' ('desire')
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| | In names borrowed from Spanish, it may [[Assimilation (linguistics)|assimilate]] to {{IPA|[m]}} before labial consonants (e.g. {{IPA|/m/}} in ''[[San Miguel, Bulacan|San Miguel]]'', {{IPA|/p/}} in ''[[San Pedro, Laguna|San Pedro]]'', and {{IPA|/f/}} in ''[[Infanta, Quezon|Infanta]]'') and to {{IPA|[ŋ]}} before velar ones (e.g. {{IPA|/g/}} and {{IPA|/k/}}) and, rarely, glottal {{IPA|/h/}}.
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| | {{IPAslink|ŋ}}
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| | {{angbr|ng}} '''''ng'''itî'' ('smile')
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| | [[Assimilation (linguistics)|Assimilates]] to {{IPA|[m]}} before {{IPA|/b/}} and {{IPA|/p/}} (''pampasiglâ'', 'invigorator') and to {{IPA|[n]}} before {{IPA|/d t s l/}} (''pandiwà'', 'verb'); some people pronounce {{IPA|/ŋɡ/}} as a [[Gemination|geminate consonant]] {{IPA|[ŋŋ]}}, as in ''[[Angono, Rizal|A'''ng'''ono]]''.
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| ! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |'''[[Lateral consonant|Laterals]]'''
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| | {{IPAslink|l}}
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| | {{angbr|l}} '''''l'''arawan'' ('picture')
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| | Depending on the dialect, it may be dental/denti-alveolar or alveolar (light L) within or at the end of a word. It may also be velarized (dark L) if influenced by English phonology.
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| ! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |'''[[Rhotics]]'''
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| | {{IPAslink|ɾ}}
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| | {{angbr|r}} ''sa'''r'''áp'' ('deliciousness'); ''ku'''r'''yente'' ('electricity')
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| | Traditionally an allophone of {{IPA|/d/}}, the {{IPA|/r/}} phoneme may be now pronounced in free variation between the standard [[Dental, alveolar and postalveolar flaps|alveolar flapped]] {{IPA|[ɾ]}}, a [[Dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|rolled]] {{IPA|[r]}}, an [[Alveolar and postalveolar approximants|approximant]] {{IPA|[ɹ]}} and {{citation needed span|text=more recently, the [[retroflex flap]] {{IPA|[ɽ]}}.|date=January 2023|reason=Most sources describe the Tagalog /r/ as only varying between an alveolar tap, trill, and approximant. Proof of a retroflex allophone remains wanting.}}
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| === Vowels === | | === Vowels === |
